Friday, February 23, 2007
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There is a "fundamental mismatch" between human needs and innovation científica.117 The vast majority of commercial drugs is not relevant to tropical diseases. Only one percent of drugs coming to market between 1974 and 2004 was developed specifically for tropical diseases and tuberculosis.118
* Health, poverty and the environment are inextricably linked. According to WHO, unhealthy environments (unsafe water, poor sanitation and other environmental factors) cause nearly one-third of all deaths and diseases in developing countries desarrollo.119 Infectious diarrhea kills 1.8 million people per year, almost all children. 88 percent of the global burden of infectious diarrhea is caused by sanitation, hygiene and water little seguras.120 * The global South accounts for more than 80 percent of the population, but only about 10 percent of drug sales. In 2005, Africa had 1.1 percent of global pharmaceutical market. ( North America, Europe and Japan have 86 percent of that market.) 121
Today, the formal systems of health care are highly dependent on As medical innovation and technology designed primarily to respond to health markets in OECD countries. Research and development of medicine in these countries are based, first and foremost, in pursuit of profits of the pharmaceutical industry, not the needs or the development of human beings. Ninety percent of research and development on health is devoted to conditions affecting only 10 percent of the population. For example, malaria now accounts for 3.1 percent of the global disease burden but only 0.3 percent of investment in research related to health issues and development (268 million dollars). If the malaria research with the average fund other research would receive more than 3 300 million per year-more than 10 times the funding that currently recibe.122 But it would be biased to suggest that the pharmaceutical industry is a engine of innovation related to public health in OECD countries. In recent decades, the pharmaceutical industry has abruptly lost their innovative drive. Often they are the government and university laboratories who conduct innovative research, which then acquire farmacéuticas.123 large firms in the United States at least one third of drugs marketed by big drug companies obtained licenses from universities or small companies biotecnología.124 After decades of mergers and acquisitions, the drug industry is consolidated in the hands of very few and large corporations. In the last ten years has increased the controversy about the role of monopoly patents on making drugs are unaffordable for poor people, and creating barriers to access to medicine crucial to saving lives . Reaffirmed in Doha safeguards have not come true and are rapidly eroded rich as governments undertake bilateral trade agreements that impose more stringent patent laws beyond the requirements set by the WTO.
In 2004, the 98 most important companies involved in the drugs had combined sales of 415 billion dollars, the top ten absorbed 59 percent of the market global.125 Instead of developing new compounds, the companies make minor modifications existing drugs and take advantage of government policies inspired by the industries, which enable companies to extend the life of drug patents by those who make a profit. For example, the 78 drugs approved by the management agency of U.S. food and medicines, the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) in 2002, only 17 contained new active ingredients, and only seven were classified by the FDA as improvements in medicine existentes.126 The 71 other drugs are drugs "me too", ie, remodeling of older medicines that are no better than other products that are already on the market. (It is as if the companies say: I also want to profit from this product.) Companies are seeking to stop the development of cheaper generics, which often is paying generic manufacturers to delay the sale of the product competitivo.127
Typically, drug companies try to justify their high prices by pointing to the huge costs of research and development unit. In fact, drug companies spend far more on "marketing and administration" than on research, development and manufacturing. The health researcher Marcia Angell estimated marketing costs of major drug companies reached 54 billion dollars in 2001 -30 percent of industry inputs, which are the order of 179 billion dollars. 128 This includes, for example, spending on direct advertising the consumer, the cost of employing 88 000 sales representatives who visit the offices, plus free samples and gifts they give to doctors, advertising in magazines and marketing and promotion disguised as "educational."
But reaffirmed in Doha safeguards have not come true and erode rapidly as wealthy governments undertake bilateral trade agreements that impose more stringent patent laws beyond the requirements set by the WTO, thus undermining the Doha Declaration. The U.S. government, for example, vigorously promotes bilateral trade agreements or regional forcing poor countries to recognize a regime known as "TRIPS-plus" provisions whose purpose is to extend the patent monopolies of big pharmaceutical companies, which limit the use of compulsory licensing mechanisms and access to generic drugs baratos.131
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Companies developing improvements in human performance, with very expensive technology, may seek acceptance by offering them as "therapy" for the benefit of the poor in the developing world. The most likely scenario is that the human performance improvement will increase the disparities between rich and poor, both in the North and the global South. The market introduction of nanomedicines starts at the same time accelerates the dissociation of clinical
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