Tuesday, March 6, 2007
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delicate side of novelty and mobility of the nano.
The unique properties of nanoscale materials have hope to have effective medical treatments and better diagnosis, including more accurate imaging. Because of its tiny size, nanomaterials may have easy access to areas of the body that are outside the scope of current therapies. Quantum effects showing some nano-optical, electrical or structural rare that only show at the nanometer scale, can increase the functionality of the materials available. The irony is that the qualities that make nanomaterials so attractive to researchers and industry in a wide range of fields-their smallness, their mobility and their unusual properties, "could be the same qualities that could be harmful to human health.
Virtually all scientists agree that the toxicology of nano-engineered materials is largely unknown, and that toxicity data can not be extrapolated from existing toxicology studies were made in scale particles mayores.41 In other words, it is likely that the toxicity of a substance formed by particles of one micron in diameter differs from the toxicity of particles (the same substance) with only 10 nm in diameter (one micron is equivalent to a thousand nm) . This is because the smaller a particle, higher the percentage of atoms that are on the surface. A large surface area corresponds to a high level of reactivity
-and, in general, the more reactive a substance is more toxic it is. However, it is generally true may not remain in the nanometer scale. The behavior of the materials in this range (between ~ 1-100 nm) is unpredictable, and scientists of late suggest that the shape and surface structure of nanoscale materials are also important factors in determining their reactivity and toxicity, making nanoscopic field of toxicology even more crucial.42 This knowledge gap requires urgent attention because there are hundreds of products containing nano-materials and are already on the market, 43 and there is no federal agency in the world to regulate nanomaterials as such. The increased bioavailability associated with nanoscale materials, means that the nano-formulated drug doses should be monitored more carefully, as "pack more energy" than their counterparts in larger scale, an overdose could pose serious problemas.En the same sense, their greater mobility could be a disadvantage.
In advising nanotechnology innovations for the health sector, Frost & Sullivan, an international market research, says, "The nano-particles and nano-materials used in applications related to drug discovery can become a source of concern if you break down too soon or if they remain in the body for prolonged periods. The ability of nanomaterials to interact with biological organisms raises the possibility that they are harmful to humans or the environment ... The current understanding of the potential toxicity of nanoparticles is limited, but research indicates that some of these products may enter the human body and become toxic at the cellular level in various fluids, tissues and / or body organs.
"Particles without borders? Can reach the central nervous system nanoparticles inhale? Can penetrate through layers of the skin of nano-particles of sunscreens and cosmetics? "Cross-brain barrier? How small must be to enter cells? It is unclear how much they can translocate (move side to side) nanoscale particles in the body. It seems that the size, composition and shape of a particle plays a role in this. A recent study showed that spherical particles, some with a diameter of 14 nm and others with 74 nm in diameter, penetrate cells more easily than nanoscale particles into bars measuring 14 x 74 nm.46 spherical particles 50 nm however, are twice as likely to enter the spherical particles slightly higher or slightly menores.47 A study in rats shows that inhaled nanoparticles smaller than 40 nm can reach the brain (specifically the olfactory bulb) via the nerve olfativo.48 This finding is potentially significant for the development of drug delivery methods and nanotoxicology because it suggests that nanoscale particles may be able to circumvent the very tight blood-brain barrier.
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In a memorable article, but not one of a kind, "JB and SM McKinlay in 1977 questioned the contribution of medical interventions in lowering mortality rates in the United States since 1900.34 They concluded that , at most, 3.5 percent of the decline (between 1900 and 1973) could be attributed to medical interventions and presented data that showed that in the case of many infectious diseases (say, tuberculosis, typhoid, measles and scarlet fever), medical interventions were implemented for many decades after that to stabilize a marked decrease in mortality related.
Other previous studies by the McKinley (and other articles will follow) that show that medical interventions had a minimal impact on the reduction of mortality (if we focus on Europe). Although in 1977 the claim that medical interventions had little impact on the decline in mortality rates was considered "modern heresy", the data before and after the McKinleys to prove the point so convincingly that by 2003 the theory of minimal impact and is considered "conventional wisdom" .35 This does not mean it was accepted with enthusiasm or be shared outside of small circles, but it had strong statistical anchors. In general, studies suggest that declines in mortality should be attributed more accurately, to improvements in nutrition and improved hygiene reduced exposure to the agents. almost thirty years ago, the McKinlays understand the profound implications of accepting or rejecting the thesis that the contribution was minimal care to Declines in death rates: If one subscribes to the view that slowly but surely we are eliminating one disease after another due to medical interventions, then there is little commitment to social change and even resistance to rearrange some of the priorities of medical expenses ... If it can be shown convincingly, and based on common ground accepted that most of the declines in mortality unrelated to the activities of medical care, then you can propel a commitment to social change and reorder priorities. 36
's no surprise that the impact of medicine is a contentious issue. Within academic circles connected with the industry begin to surface who challenge the theory of minimal impact. In late 2003, Dr. Frank Lichtenberg, an economist at Columbia Business School in New York, gave a lecture at the center of medical progress of the Manhattan Institute. The institute "makes the intellect into influence" and the center's mission is "to articulate the importance of medical progress, the connection between the institutions of free trade and the possibility that medical progress is available throughout the world" .37
Lichtenberg
reported a study which compared the launch of new drugs and disease-level data in 52 countries between 1982 and 2001 and found that "new drugs increase the longevity of the average person [who suffered from diseases for which designed the new drug] in the order of three weeks per year" .38 The findings made him conclude that the increase in longevity which he attributed to new drugs was well worth the investment they make in society. More recently (March 2006), Lichtenberg collected data on the effect of introducing new laboratory procedures and other medical innovations in the United States between 1990 and 2003. Concluded that "conditions that involve major innovations in the laboratory and outpatient medications produced large increases in age at death, "which supported their hypothesis that" the more medical innovation related to a medical condition, the greater the improvement in the average health of people with this condition "39 (This assumes, of course, that the average person has access to innovation.) Lichtenberg
Surrender Of Policy Bima Gold
the improvement of therapy: homo sapiens refined
Can be used nano-scale technologies to combat health?
While governments, industry and scientists, particularly in OECD countries, are quick to highlight the potential contributions of nanotechnology in the remediation of reduced health, they are also ready to point out that Advances in "converging technologies", nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, neurotechnology and cognitive sciences-will respond to perceived health as less than optimal. It is in the technology field for the improvement of human performance that convergence may have greater impact and higher profits.
is not, in this view, simply remove the disabilities or cure disease, but producing bodies stronger, faster, exceeding the performance of more healthy and athletic bodies today, the brain remodeling to retain more information and to communicate directly with computers, artificial limbs or other brains. An example is the implantation of artificial neurons, already approved by the FDA for clinical use, to replace neurons damaged by Parkinson's disease. The device allows you to download updated software, a computer directly to the implant ex vivo in cuerpo.49 For now, these devices are reserved for those suffering from a disease in the near future will be more difficult to distinguish between what constitutes a disease and what merely is a less than optimal health, or to distinguish between therapy and refinement or improvement.
Every new technology has produced a new group of marginalized people and new inequalities. Faced with the reality of public policy present there is no reason to suppose that this time will be different if the human body becomes the commodified. To the extent that the technology of human performance enhancement is a technology that enables a few, is a technology that disables many ... if we continue as we are, we shall see a new class of outcasts: the non-Doctor actualizados.1 Wolbring Gregor, University of Calgary
As with the digital divide, the gap in capabilities mark over the boundary between North and South, between rich and poor everywhere . For a grand finale, the new refined body created by converging technologies can extend the human life span well beyond a century. According to the U.S. government, technologies converging at the nanoscale "improve human performance" in the workplace, in playgrounds, in classrooms and in the battlefields. Downloadable intelligence, memory, downloadable hiperdesempeño bodies that require a revised definition of our species, Homo sapiens. Or maybe the new technological realities we create the need for a new classification for once and for all (Homo sapiens 2.0), which describes the fraction of the population world can pay for its refinement by technological convergence.
Although relatively few people can afford to pay a full upgrade package, some enhancements, which are possible with the converging technologies will penetrate deeper into society and "naturalize" until people consider them necessary corrections , the same way we now consider the glasses increase. At the same time, there will be a corporate bid to define and expand the range of "health condition" is often treatable, dress up campaigns to "raise public awareness" - to create or expand markets for new refinements available. practice promote diseases to create markets that the deal is called traffic enfermedades.50 Certain personality traits (say, shyness), features (such as strength or height "average"), cognitive features (a intelligence "normal") are deemed undesirable and correctable (and gradually unacceptable). The line between enhancement and therapy, which is already blurred, will be lost completely. The effect is a shift in the perception of what is "normal" and the creation of what Dr. Gregor Wolbring, biochemical and researcher in health issues at the University of Calgary, called a "capability gap" .51 Just as the digital divide, the skills gap distances mark the boundary between North and South, between rich and poor everywhere.
Under current conditions, it is likely that the introduction of technologies for improving human performance or refinement of socially penetrating, have the effect of producing a new group of people marginalized by the "gap" resulting. Some maintain that it is possible to draw a line between therapy and enhancement and that line should be drawn because the distinction will help to take a
For some, this calls for an ethical debate about what it means to be human and how to preserve our humanidad.52 Others argue that given the current configuration of society, can not keep a line dividing therapy improvement and should start a debate that acknowledges the social factors (values \u200b\u200band prejudices, for example) currently contribute to the understanding of what entails being human. Hence the debate, they say, should focus on how, if anything, to protect those who do not currently meet the criteria of the "human"-and those who do not comply with a revised approach in our future refining tecnológicamente.53 Others -the so-called transhumanism, for example, believe that the human species is at an early stage of development, and are comfortable with a malleable definition of Homo sapiens and are looking forward to using available technologies that give them human "best." 54 Can you imagine a world not far from where they discover a "cure" for "medical condition" known as "aging"-perhaps through driving SENS (Strategies for Engineered Negligible senescence), a series of strategies for negligible senescence "- with which humans could live in good health well over a hundred years.55
recognize that the introduction of ubiquitous technologies could improve the widening gap between rich and poor, do not see this as a compelling reason to limit their use. Consider disparities within society as a problem of old, and lies aside, that was not created (or will be resolved) by refining technology and mejoramiento.56
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