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Monday, June 18, 2007

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Nanomedicine. 15/25. Health needs and scientific innovation.

Defining health.

Is health synonymous with welfare? If they are not equivalent, how do they differ?

There are at least two approaches to health-related thought: this can be understood as the normative functioning of the whole body and, implicitly, the absence of any condition or illness that results in a performance sub-policy in reference to defined as "health care." Those who understand the health of this so do not reject the idea that the terms "social", such as employment subject stress or living in a war zone to take its toll, affecting the health, but the focus and point of intervention is always placed in the body (say, to address the hypertension caused by a high stress job or experienced clinical depression for the victims of the war.) According to the medical model, all sub-normative functioning belongs to a "patient" that is prescribed medical treatment to recover (or attempt to obtain) the regulatory function.

A second more comprehensive approach to understanding health can be described as a model "social", which recognizes that welfare is mental and social health are necessary for physical well-besides the absence of disease or physical. According to the social model is not required that a person is a patient with a sub-body functioning normally suffer from diminished health. A woman who is a victim of sexual discrimination at work can have a body free of physical illness, and yet not considered healthy according to the social model. Since early 1948, the World Health Organization considers the social and mental welfare is necessary components of the health.5

The implications of adopting a model over the other are enormous and are more obvious at points of intervention. For example, using the social model, the possible interventions to help a victim of social injustice (say sex discrimination) to achieve health may include civil litigation, protest, legislative reform, among many others-all action can bring about social and mental well-being if he can change, this would be the optimum, the social structures that led to injustice existed. Of course, from the medical model can cope with the absence of social welfare, "is treating the effects on the body (hypertension, depression and anxiety are among the possibilities) or trying to" cure " the patient's condition related to poor social health. In the medical model, one of the "cures" possible for a paraplegic who is a victim of discrimination and social injustice could be a medical intervention "bionic legs instead of buildings accessible, for example.

The nanoscale technologies we now offer interventions that aim that our bodies will be stronger, more skilled, more durable. Transhumanists, who profess the notion that even the healthiest body can be improved through technology, envision a new way of thinking about health. For them, the human body performs sub-policy-unless that body is "enhanced" with technological refinements. Social welfare may also be important for transhumanist, but performance is achieved by intervening in the body.

One of the obvious difficulties of transhumanist approach is that optimal health status change constantly depending on what the "refining industry" made available in the market. We know of the dizzying pace imposed by the refinements of the software of computers and cyberspace can be isolated if we do not buy the latest escalation. How many of us are ready for Homo sapiens 2.0?

Tuesday, March 6, 2007

I Want To Shave With Herpes

Nanomedicine. 16/25. Essential medicines.

What is Nanomedicine?

The European Science Foundation [European Science Foundation] defines nanomedicine as "the science and technology to diagnose, treat and prevent diseases and traumatic injuries to relieve pain and to preserve and improve human health using the tools molecular, molecular knowledge of the human body ".1

Broadly speaking, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research defines nanomedicine as the measurement or specialized biomedical intervention -A molecular-scale required to deal with the disease or restore

funciones.1

Introduction

The term nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of matter at the scale of atoms and molecules, where size is measured in millionths of a millimeter. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. In the nanometer scale (one to one hundred nanometers [nm]), losmateriales may exhibit very different properties that the same materials of the same composition but of larger scale. Properties talescomo strength, conductivity, color and toxicity may change at the nanoscale, and properties may change within that scale well. By exploiting the nano-scale changes of these characteristics, researchers are trying to create novel materials that have greater functionality.

Nanotechnology is described by some as the "transformative technology of XXI century" .6 Experts predict that nanotechnology will revolutionize the manufacturing industry in all sectors of the industry and eventually "will impact the production of virtually all manufactured objects by humans' .7 The medicine is just one sector that will deeply influenced by materials and nanoscale devices. This report examines the medical applications of drugs, devices and nanotechnology-enabled diagnostic tools and evaluate the role that Nanomedicine will play in resolving or not health-related needs in underserved communities, especially in the global South.

who play the market and

Worldwide, nanotech research and development in all sectors in 2005 was 9 600 million aproximadamente.8 While companies, politicians and the media often cite as the most promising area of nanotechnology research, in fact Nanomedicine has received less funding than other sectors, such as nanoelectronics and nano-materials. According to Lux Research Inc., about 17 percent of all funding for nanotechnology in 2005 to about 1 600 billion, was devoted to "sector of life sciences." (Although "life sciences" is very broad, Lux Research reports that most of the investment in this category relates to nano-enabled medical applications.) 9

mid-2006, 130 drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology, more than 125 devices or diagnostic tests, are in a state of clinical development, clinical or commercial. In the early days of nanotechnology (2001), the National Science Foundation (NSF for its acronym in English) United States predicted that nanotechnology will help to prolong life, improve quality and expand human physical capabilities " and that by 2010 or 2015 half of all pharmaceutical production, more than 180 billion dollars per year, depend on nanotechnology. More recently, Lux Research estimates that the market for drug delivery systems will grow from 980 nano-enabled billion in 2005 to about 8 600 million in 2010.

nanoscale therapeutics (such as nano-silver to cover wounds) accounted for 28 million dollars in 2005 and reach 310 million in 2010. The market for nanotechnology-enabled diagnostics will grow from 56 million in 2005 to more than one billion in 2010.

global nanotechnology funding by sector, 2005 = 9600 million dollars in total

Life sciences (including pharmaceutical nano) 1 $ 590 million (17%) Electronics 4 460 million (46% )

Materials 2 740 million (29%) Other $ 780 million (8%)

Nanotechnology is an emerging industry, but the drugs and medical devices that enable nano-are already on the market, and more that comes through the pipes of the tiny technology : according NanoBiotech News, the path of nanomedicine and nanoscale devices suddenly grew 68% between 2005 and 2006. By mid 2006, 130 drugs and delivery systems, more than 125 devices or diagnostic tests, are in a state of clinical development, clinical or commercial, 75% of these products are developed in the United States.10 Among the leading field of nanomedicine are also Canada, Australia and Israel (see Table 1). Industry analysts believe that the approval of Abraxane (Nanomedicine a drug to treat breast cancer) by the U.S. FDA in January 2005, is a "watershed" in nanomedicine comercial.11

According to Lynn Yoffee of NanoBiotech News, "a third (30%) of all products developed as part of collaboration or license agreements with biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies for promotions associated individuals, but companies in nano-biotechnology innovation and academic institutions remain the main promoters of the development of nanotechnology products ".12 It is governments, not corporations, who are leading the way in research and development of Nanomedicine. Of the 1 600 million dollars for research and development

nanotechnology related to health sciences in 2005, a paltry 8% came from the industria.13
Global Funding for Nanotechnology Region, 2005 = 9600 million dollars in total Asia 3 370 million (35%)

North America 3 960 million (41%) Europe 2 060 million (22%)

Although most of the Fortune Five hundred companies cited for investing in research and development of nanotechnology in the field of life sciences major pharmaceutical companies have taken an attitude of watchful waiting, an approach that recalls the early days biotechnology. Large pharmaceutical companies are working with nano-biotechnology innovation, but dadoque nanotechnology is still an unproven technology and uncertain approval process by the FDA, major drug companies have not yet made large inversiones.14

A speculator capital Risk told NanoBiotech News, "One of the lessons learned from 2005 is that we must be cautious about appearing" nano "when dealing with the FDA. If you have a shell nano gold, it must behave as a colloid gold. If a lipid, must behave as an emulsion. From the regulatory perspective, one should propose a technology that refers to the known. If not, you will have to undertake many more additional evidence ".15 Perhaps with this strategy in mind, many companies have sought not seem prone to the" nano ": Nanopharma Corporation became Nanocure Mersana Therapeutics and changed its name to Avidimer Therapeutics.

Between 2002 and 2007, the U.S. government spent, in general terms, 773 million dollars in research and development of nanotechnology related salud.16 In late 2005, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, awarded $ 26.3 million in grants for the first year of operation in order to establish eight centers of excellence in cancer nanotechnology
(CCNE, for its acronym in English) as part of a draft 144.3 million dollars to five years (for the period 2004-2009), known as the Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer.17 promoted by The Alliance NCI seeks to "harness the power of nanotechnology to radically change the way we diagnose, treat and prevent cancer" .18

Between 2003 and 2008, the sixth research framework program of EU (European Union's Sixth Research Framework Program) to EUR 233.5 million allocated to projects related to nanomedicina.19 The Canadian government invested about 32 billion Canadian dollars in nanomedicine between 2000 and 2006 by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR or, as they are known in English), which in 2003 launched an initiative in regenerative medicine and nanomedicine (Regenerative Medicine and Nanomedicine Initiative) .20 Between 2006 and 2007, CIHR expect to spend about 15 billion Canadian dollars in research and development of Nanomedicine.

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nanoscale engineering nanomedicine. 18/25. Global health as a "great challenge"

Nanotechnology has already changed the way to make some drugs and in some cases, rewritten. When a pharmaceutical compound is formulated as a nanoparticle, increasing their level of bioavailability. In other words, the body can absorb a compound, well made, the quicker and easier, and as such use more effectively, if the compound exists on a scale closer to the scale at which biological processes occur. The level of bioavailability of a drug is an important element to determine its effectiveness. A market research firm estimates to 65 billion dollars annual revenue from the drug market (almost 16 percent of total sales of the pharmaceutical industry) come from drugs that have low bioavailability, which promotes higher costs for patients, treatment ineffective and an increased risk of toxicidad.27

Elan Corporation, headquartered in Dublin, Ireland, has developed a patented process to "grind" pharmaceuticals and produce small particles (typically below 100 nm) that have a greater bioavailability and faster absorption rates, according to reports from the very compañía.28 Elan also asserts that the newly formulated drug Nanomedicine eliminate the "variability fasting / satiety (ie, that matters less if the drug is taken with food). Large pharmaceutical companies like Wyeth, Merck and Abbott and gave their proprietary compounds to Elan for "wheel." In most cases, the drugs and had the U.S. FDA approval in their formulations and larger, and as companies can demonstrate the "bioequivalence" 29-that the difference in the action of the drug from its former and the new wording is "medically insignificant" - the new Nanomedicine version is not subjected to more regulatory scrutiny, as it would if more evidence were asked clínicas.30

The pharmaceutical formulations rely on their nano-particles to improve the therapeutic value of "low-performing drugs, but also seeking to improve their profits. It is possible that older drugs that are no longer in the market for its low efficacy or potentially serious adverse effects in certain patient populations may be more effective or safer if reformulated nanoscale, thereby significantly decreasing the cost of the process drug development. Companies pharmaceutical and take advantage of the expansion of patent protection, which is possible through their formulations nano-particuladas.31 Even in cases that can be demonstrated bioequivalence between a drug and its counterpart nanoscale-and become more necessary clinical trials exist in the U.S. a strategic advantage: the possessor of a patent is granted a period of three to five years of "off-patent exclusivity, the drug while undergoing retesting clínicos.32 This period is independent of patent rights and benefits the big drug companies because it keeps in line by the companies that produce generic drugs

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