Nanomedicine. 16/25. Essential medicines.
Tuesday, March 6, 2007
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What is Nanomedicine?
The European Science Foundation [European Science Foundation] defines nanomedicine as "the science and technology to diagnose, treat and prevent diseases and traumatic injuries to relieve pain and to preserve and improve human health using the tools molecular, molecular knowledge of the human body ".1 
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Introduction
The term nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of matter at the scale of atoms and molecules, where size is measured in millionths of a millimeter. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. In the nanometer scale (one to one hundred nanometers [nm]), losmateriales may exhibit very different properties that the same materials of the same composition but of larger scale. Properties talescomo strength, conductivity, color and toxicity may change at the nanoscale, and properties may change within that scale well. By exploiting the nano-scale changes of these characteristics, researchers are trying to create novel materials that have greater functionality.
Nanotechnology is described by some as the "transformative technology of XXI century" .6 Experts predict that nanotechnology will revolutionize the manufacturing industry in all sectors of the industry and eventually "will impact the production of virtually all manufactured objects by humans' .7 The medicine is just one sector that will deeply influenced by materials and nanoscale devices. This report examines the medical applications of drugs, devices and nanotechnology-enabled diagnostic tools and evaluate the role that Nanomedicine will play in resolving or not health-related needs in underserved communities, especially in the global South.
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Worldwide, nanotech research and development in all sectors in 2005 was 9 600 million aproximadamente.8 While companies, politicians and the media often cite as the most promising area of nanotechnology research, in fact Nanomedicine has received less funding than other sectors, such as nanoelectronics and nano-materials. According to Lux Research Inc., about 17 percent of all funding for nanotechnology in 2005 to about 1 600 billion, was devoted to "sector of life sciences." (Although "life sciences" is very broad, Lux Research reports that most of the investment in this category relates to nano-enabled medical applications.) 9 
mid-2006, 130 drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology, more than 125 devices or diagnostic tests, are in a state of clinical development, clinical or commercial. In the early days of nanotechnology (2001), the National Science Foundation (NSF for its acronym in English) United States predicted that nanotechnology will help to prolong life, improve quality and expand human physical capabilities " and that by 2010 or 2015 half of all pharmaceutical production, more than 180 billion dollars per year, depend on nanotechnology. More recently, Lux Research estimates that the market for drug delivery systems will grow from 980 nano-enabled billion in 2005 to about 8 600 million in 2010. nanoscale therapeutics (such as nano-silver to cover wounds) accounted for 28 million dollars in 2005 and reach 310 million in 2010. The market for nanotechnology-enabled diagnostics will grow from 56 million in 2005 to more than one billion in 2010.
global nanotechnology funding by sector, 2005 = 9600 million dollars in total Life sciences (including pharmaceutical nano) 1 $ 590 million (17%) Electronics 4 460 million (46% )
Materials 2 740 million (29%) Other $ 780 million (8%) Nanotechnology is an emerging industry, but the drugs and medical devices that enable nano-are already on the market, and more that comes through the pipes of the tiny technology : according NanoBiotech News, the path of nanomedicine and nanoscale devices suddenly grew 68% between 2005 and 2006. By mid 2006, 130 drugs and delivery systems, more than 125 devices or diagnostic tests, are in a state of clinical development, clinical or commercial, 75% of these products are developed in the United States.10 Among the leading field of nanomedicine are also Canada, Australia and Israel (see Table 1). Industry analysts believe that the approval of Abraxane (Nanomedicine a drug to treat breast cancer) by the U.S. FDA in January 2005, is a "watershed" in nanomedicine comercial.11
nanotechnology related to health sciences in 2005, a paltry 8% came from the industria.13
Global Funding for Nanotechnology Region, 2005 = 9600 million dollars in total Asia 3 370 million (35%)
North America 3 960 million (41%) Europe 2 060 million (22%) Global Funding for Nanotechnology Region, 2005 = 9600 million dollars in total Asia 3 370 million (35%)
A speculator capital Risk told NanoBiotech News, "One of the lessons learned from 2005 is that we must be cautious about appearing" nano "when dealing with the FDA. If you have a shell nano gold, it must behave as a colloid gold. If a lipid, must behave as an emulsion. From the regulatory perspective, one should propose a technology that refers to the known. If not, you will have to undertake many more additional evidence ".15 Perhaps with this strategy in mind, many companies have sought not seem prone to the" nano ": Nanopharma Corporation became Nanocure Mersana Therapeutics and changed its name to Avidimer Therapeutics.
Between 2002 and 2007, the U.S. government spent, in general terms, 773 million dollars in research and development of nanotechnology related salud.16 In late 2005, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, awarded $ 26.3 million in grants for the first year of operation in order to establish eight centers of excellence in cancer nanotechnology
(CCNE, for its acronym in English) as part of a draft 144.3 million dollars to five years (for the period 2004-2009), known as the Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer.17 promoted by The Alliance NCI seeks to "harness the power of nanotechnology to radically change the way we diagnose, treat and prevent cancer" .18
Between 2003 and 2008, the sixth research framework program of EU (European Union's Sixth Research Framework Program) to EUR 233.5 million allocated to projects related to nanomedicina.19 The Canadian government invested about 32 billion Canadian dollars in nanomedicine between 2000 and 2006 by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR or, as they are known in English), which in 2003 launched an initiative in regenerative medicine and nanomedicine (Regenerative Medicine and Nanomedicine Initiative) .20 Between 2006 and 2007, CIHR expect to spend about 15 billion Canadian dollars in research and development of Nanomedicine.
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nanoscale engineering nanomedicine. 18/25. Global health as a "great challenge"
Nanotechnology has already changed the way to make some drugs and in some cases, rewritten. When a pharmaceutical compound is formulated as a nanoparticle, increasing their level of bioavailability. In other words, the body can absorb a compound, well made, the quicker and easier, and as such use more effectively, if the compound exists on a scale closer to the scale at which biological processes occur. The level of bioavailability of a drug is an important element to determine its effectiveness. A market research firm estimates to 65 billion dollars annual revenue from the drug market (almost 16 percent of total sales of the pharmaceutical industry) come from drugs that have low bioavailability, which promotes higher costs for patients, treatment ineffective and an increased risk of toxicidad.27
Elan Corporation, headquartered in Dublin, Ireland, has developed a patented process to "grind" pharmaceuticals and produce small particles (typically below 100 nm) that have a greater bioavailability and faster absorption rates, according to reports from the very compañía.28 Elan also asserts that the newly formulated drug Nanomedicine eliminate the "variability fasting / satiety (ie, that matters less if the drug is taken with food). Large pharmaceutical companies like Wyeth, Merck and Abbott and gave their proprietary compounds to Elan for "wheel." In most cases, the drugs and had the U.S. FDA approval in their formulations and larger, and as companies can demonstrate the "bioequivalence" 29-that the difference in the action of the drug from its former and the new wording is "medically insignificant" - the new Nanomedicine version is not subjected to more regulatory scrutiny, as it would if more evidence were asked clínicas.30
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Nanomedicine. 17/25. Malaria Vs
nanotechnology enthusiasts have high hopes that provide especially effective treatments to combat disease and illness. The reason is simple: nanotechnology operates on the same scale biology. A DNA molecule is about 2.5 nm wide and hemoglobin (blood protein that is responsible for transporting oxygen) is about 5 nm in diameter. Human cells are much larger, in the order of 10-20 microns in diameter (10,000 to 20,000 nanometers) - which means that materials and nanoscale devices can easily penetrate in almost all cells without triggering immune response alguna.21
nanotechnology enthusiasts have high hopes that provide especially effective treatments to combat disease and illness. The reason is simple: nanotechnology operates on the same scale biology. A DNA molecule is about 2.5 nm wide and hemoglobin (blood protein that is responsible for transporting oxygen) is about 5 nm in diameter. Human cells are much larger, in the order of 10-20 microns in diameter (10,000 to 20,000 nanometers) - which means that materials and nanoscale devices can easily penetrate in almost all cells without triggering immune response alguna.21
exploit quantum effects addition, some nanoscale materials designed as biomedical applications show unusual properties that increase its functionality. Substances under the range near 100 nm may behave differently than larger particles of the same substance. Nanoscale materials may differ from the versions in force micro or macro, color, elasticity and / or toxicity, may be able to conduct electricity more efficiently or may be more chemically reactive. The optical, electrical or structural that are specific to the nanometer scale are known as "quantum effects." Moreover, the quantum properties of a substance can change in the nanoscale range. Gold Nanoparticles are inert, for example, while other gold nanoparticles of different sizes are reactive.
The form is also important.
is possible that a 20 nm spherical nanoparticles of a specific substance is not toxic to cells, while a 60 nm particle in the form of bar of the same substance, produces a
while a 60 nm particle in the form of bar of the same substance, produces a cytotoxic effect toxic to cells.) Currently there are no models that can predict the quantum effects, so hat the project is to characterize specific nanomaterials -In an attempt to understand their physical attributes, their biological properties in vitro and in vivo compatibility (using animals first) .24 The task of completely apear new world of nanoscale materials is overwhelming, if not impossible, if one takes into account all possible variations of substance, size, shape and surface structure. increase bioavailability
(The words in bold in the text are defined in the glossary) However, not all medical applications of nanotechnology exploit quantum effects. A drug that takes the form of a particle of 400 nm can be more effective than its 2 micron because it has more biological availability *, ie that the body uses it, or it may be able to have direct access to a tumor, for example, and is not likely to exhibit nanoscale properties, unique. In general, only the substances below 100 nm (at least one dimension) can exhibit quantum effects, although there are individual cases, as with polymers that are reinforced with nanoparticles forming links between the two materials, where special properties are displayed in sizes larger than 100 nm.25
latest vision is to combine drugs nano-formulated with a targeted drug delivery based on personalized medicine "approach to health management that is based on considering the patient's genetic profile to discover their individual predispositions to particular diseases or their level of responsiveness to specific drugs. In the future, according to this view, treatment may be nanotechnology-enabled multifunction devices capable of detecting and identifying specific diseases at the cellular level and at the right time, providing the right drug at the right dose, tailoring treatment according to individual patient with information in real time, thereby assessing the state
enfermedad.26 the
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